BIG BANG

About 14 billion years ago nothing existed in the universe until the big bang. The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was nothing in our universe. According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment. The big bang is the origin of space and time. Forests ocean people everything in the universe is made from matter created in first seconds of the big bang. The big bang is the defining event of our universe and everything in it. The origin of the big bang is the greatest mystery of all time. 
Until 1929 we thought that our universe is static when astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are not static in one place, not only they are moving but they are flying away from us at incredible speeds and this was the first evidence of big bang. Hubble noted that galaxies outside our own Milky Way were all moving away from us, each at a speed proportional to its distance from us. The conclusion was made that the universe is expanding so for an expanding universe they must have started from a single point. So by measuring how fast the universe is expanding the astronomers calculated backwards and worked out when it bursts into life it was like reverse engineering. Astronomers combine mathematical models with observations to develop workable theories of how the Universe came to be. The mathematical underpinnings of the Big Bang theory include Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity along with standard theories of fundamental particles. Today NASA spacecraft such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope continue Edwin Hubble's work of measuring the expansion of the Universe. One of the goals has long been to decide whether the Universe will expand forever, or whether it will someday stop, turn around, and collapse in a "Big Crunch?"  Everything before the big bang was compressed in a very small region with incredibly hotness it was not matter that time but just the point of energy. In the big bang the pure energy created into the matter according to the Einstein mass energy relation E=mc2. The earliest matter was too unstable to form the matter which we know today.
There are many misconceptions surrounding the Big Bang theory. For example, we tend to imagine a giant explosion. Experts however say that there was no explosion but there was an expansion. Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe. Another misconception is that we tend to image the singularity as a little fireball appearing somewhere in space. According to the many experts however, space didn't exist prior to the Big Bang. Back in the late '60s and early '70s, when men first walked upon the moon, "three British astrophysicists, Steven Hawking, George Ellis, and Roger Penrose turned their attention to the Theory of Relativity and its implications regarding our notions of time. In 1968 and 1970, they published papers in which they extended Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to include measurements of time and space. According to their calculations, time and space had a finite beginning that corresponded to the origin of matter and energy. The singularity didn't appear in space; rather, space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing. So where and in what did the singularity appear if not in space? We don't know. We don't know where it came from, why it's here, or even where it is. All we really know is that we are inside of it and at one time it didn't exist and neither did we.
The whole process started from pure energy. Pure energy also produces one of the dangerous thing in the universe “antimatter”. It is the mirror image of the ordinary matter. Matter and antimatter are differently charged. If there would be equal amount of matter and the antimatter then they would have canceled each other but there were more matter than the antimatter which is responsible for the universe.   Then the temperature starts dropping and the primitive particles started slowing down. Now they started bonding together to form the first atoms. The first one that was formed was hydrogen. Then over the three minutes the universe begins to create two more elements helium and lithium. In 14 billion years since the big bang galaxies have been created filled with stars planets and moons and the universe being expanding the whole time.

HONEY

Honey is a sweet liquid or supersaturated sugar solution produced by honey bees using nectar from flowers through a process of regurgitation and evaporation. Honey is collected from wild bee colonies, or from domesticated beehives. Honey is the ONLY food source produced by an insect that humans eat. Honey is made by the bees for their use but in practicality they produce far more honey as they required. Because of its unique composition and chemical properties, honey is suitable for long-term storage, and is easily assimilated even after long preservation. Honey, and objects immersed in honey, have been preserved for decades and even centuries. The key to preservation is limiting access to humidity. The color of honey is a very useful tool to judge its quality. Light colored honey is more valued than dark colored honey as the former has a delicate flavor. Honey becomes darker upon storage and heating. In its cured state, honey has a sufficiently high sugar content to inhibit fermentation. If exposed to moist air, its hydrophilic properties will pull moisture into the honey, eventually diluting it to the point that fermentation can begin. Regardless of preservation, honey may crystallize over time. The crystals can be dissolved by heating the honey in water bath.
Honey has had a long history in human consumption, and is used in various foods and beverages as a sweetener and flavoring. It also has a role in religion and symbolism. Honey collection is an ancient activity. Humans apparently began hunting for honey at least 8,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found honey remains on the inner surface of clay vessels unearthed an ancient tomb, dating back to some 4,700–5,500 years ago. The spiritual and therapeutic use of honey in ancient India is documented in both the Vedas
The benefits of honey go beyond its great taste. A great natural source of carbohydrates which provide strength and energy to our bodies, honey is known for its effectiveness in instantly boosting the performance, endurance and reduce muscle fatigue of athletes. Its natural sugar play an important role in preventing fatigue during exercise. The glucose in honey is absorbed by the body quickly and gives an immediate energy boost, while the fructose is absorbed more slowly providing sustained energy. It is known that honey has also been found to keep levels of blood sugar fairly constant compared to other types of sugar.
Honey is made up of glucose, fructose, and minerals such as iron, calcium, phosphate, sodium chlorine, potassium, magnesium.
The slightly acidic pH level of honey (between 3.2 and 4.5) is what helps prevent the growth of bacteria, while its antioxidant constituents cleans up free radicals. The physical properties of honey vary depending on the specific flora that was used to produce it, as well as its water content.


There are numerous benefits of the honey and few of them are:
Immunity System Builder
Amongst the many health benefits of honey, what is most impressive to me is that honey can be a powerful immune system booster. Its antioxidant and antibacterial properties can help improve digestive system and help you stay healthy and fight disease.
Honey is Anti-Cancer
Honey does not cure cancer but what many people don't think enough of or have overlooked is - honey possesses carcinogen-preventing and anti-tumor properties.
CUTS AND BURNS
For thousands of years, honey has been recognized as one of the most natural home remedies to treat a wide range of ailments and complaints including yeast infection, athlete foot, and arthritis pain. Its antiseptic properties inhibits the growth of certain bacteria and helps keep external wounds clean and free from infection. Honey has been used as a natural cure in first aid treatment for wounds, burns and cuts as it is able to absorb moisture from the air and promote healing. Its antibacterial properties prevent infection and functions as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing both swelling and pain, and even scarring.
FOR HANGOVERS
When you get a hangover from drinking too much alcohol, combat its effects by applying honey remedy. Honey is gentle on the stomach and contains a mix of natural sugars such fructose which is known to speed up the oxidation of alcohol by the liver, acting as a 'sobering' agent.
FOR SORE THROATS
One of the better known health benefits of honey is that it is able to help treat sore throats. Thanks to its antimicrobial properties honey not only soothes throats but can also kill certain bacteria that causes the infection.
Treating allergies
There is some research to suggest that honey may be useful in minimizing seasonal allergies.
Weight Loss
Though honey has more calories than sugar, when honey is consumed with warm water, it helps in digesting the fat stored in your body. Similarly, honey and lemon juice as well as honey and cinnamon help in reducing weight.

Apart from its benefits there is one serious issue related to honey consumption due to which it is not recommended for children who are less than a year old because their digestive systems may not be mature enough to digest it. It can cause infant botulism which is a rare but serious disease.
and the Ayurveda texts, which were both composed at least 4,000 years ago.

BALLOONING

 There are three principles by which we can fly first is by being lighter than air which is used by air balloons second is by pushing the air down as done by aircraft and the third is by pushing something else downward which is used in rocket propulsion. The principle used by mankind for the flight was by being lighter 18^th century balloon flight was the first manned flight and it remained the only way to fly for over a century. Before humans duck, rooster and sheep were made to fly, they were specially chosen as none of them fly this allowed us to check whether we would be able to survive at high altitude or not and on 21 Nov 1783 first human flight was possible in which hot air balloons were used for the flight. For long time people thought that this is the only future of flight. In 19^th century to early 20^th century ballooning was used to fly when it was used to transport passengers in large airships in which instead of hot air lighter air like hydrogen and helium were used. The main advantages of the airships were highly efficient if stationary as it generates the lift for free and could go very high.  Along with this there were some serious disadvantages like because of their large volume they were slow and generate high drag force.

aerostatics

Gas law

Pv=nRT

P=ρRT/M equation of states

Principle of ballooning

Archimedes buoyancy principle
max F=mg=ρ_airVg-ρ_gasVg
(neglecting the payload)

P₁=p₂

ρ₁RT₁/M₁=ρ₂RT₂/M₂

ρ1/ρ2=T2/T1.M1/M2

F=ρ_atmVg(1-ρ_gas/ρ_atm)

F=ρ_atmVg(1-(T_atm/_Tgas).(M_gas/M_atm))

M_H2=2 g/mol

M_He=4 g/mol

M_air=28.97g/mol

Now let us compare the gas balloon with the hot air balloon

First consider the helium balloon

Since temperature inside and outside is approximately same so by using the above equation we get

F=ρ_atmVg(1-M_gas/M_atm)

F=ρ_atmVg(1-4/28)

F=ρ_atmVg.6/7

Now consider the hot air balloon

Here the molar mass remains same so from above equation we get

F=ρ_atmVg(1-_Tatm/T_gas)

To generate same amount of lift we would require the temperature of the gas inside the balloon to be 7 times the temperature of the atmosphere

i.e, T_gas=7.T_atm

if T_atm=300K

Then we would need T_gas=2100K which is the temperature of blow torch

That is why F_He>>>F_{hot air}